;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$IntangibleObjectPredicate (#$isa #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$comment #$IntangibleObjectPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$IntangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in assertions which describe the properties of intangible objects. For example, #$knowsAbout, #$titleOfHeadOfGovernment, #$religionOfRule, #$standardUnitMeasuring, #$territoriesControlled.") ;;; #$Integer (#$isa #$Integer #$Collection) (#$isa #$Integer #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$Integer #$RealNumber) (#$genls #$Integer #$RationalNumber) (#$comment #$Integer "The collection of all whole numbers; a subset of #$RationalNumber. Each element of #$Integer is a whole number, resolvable into units with no fractional remainder. An integer may be positive (e.g., 42), zero, or negative (e.g., -42).") ;;; #$IntelligentAgent (#$isa #$IntelligentAgent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IntelligentAgent #$Agent) (#$comment #$IntelligentAgent "The collection of all intelligent agents. Each element of #$IntelligentAgent is an agent that is capable of having knowledge which it employs in its actions. An intelligent agent #$knowsAbout certain things, and having #$beliefs (and possibly #$goals) concerning those things may influence its actions. In addition to persons, Cyc considers certain social beings, such as business and government organizations, and intelligent machines, to be intelligent agents. See also #$Agent, #$performedBy.") ;;; #$IntendedFunction (#$isa #$IntendedFunction #$CapacityAttribute) (#$comment #$IntendedFunction "An element of #$CapacityAttribute. The attribute #$IntendedFunction characterizes an entity participating in a situation as doing so in its intended function.") ;;; #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate (#$isa #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of collections. These predicates implement the intensional structure of the ontology; e.g., #$citizens, #$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity, #$hasDepartmentTypes, #$granuleOfTime, #$objectTypeTransported, #$contraryFeelings.") ;;; #$InterActorSlot (#$isa #$InterActorSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$InterActorSlot #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$genls #$InterActorSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$InterActorSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterActorSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions that state the relationship between two actors in some event, actual or implied. The event in which the actors participate may or may not be explicitly represented in the KB. For example, (#$authorOfPublication X Y) implies the existence of a #$Writing event in which X is the author and Y is the book written. Examples: #$agreeingAgents, #$artisticWorksCreated, #$spouse, #$wornOn.") ;;; #$InterExistingObjectSlot (#$isa #$InterExistingObjectSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$InterExistingObjectSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$InterExistingObjectSlot #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$comment #$InterExistingObjectSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterExistingObjectSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions that relate two elements of #$SomethingExisting (i.e., two objects). Examples: #$soldAt, #$derivedFrom, #$cohabitants, #$soilComponent, #$containsInformation, #$capitalCity, #$electricallyConnectedTo.") ;;; #$InterPersonalRelationSlot (#$isa #$InterPersonalRelationSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$InterPersonalRelationSlot #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$comment #$InterPersonalRelationSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships between two instances of #$Animal. Examples: #$mate, #$friends.") ;;; #$InterconvertibleUnitType (#$isa #$InterconvertibleUnitType #$Collection) (#$genls #$InterconvertibleUnitType #$Collection) (#$comment #$InterconvertibleUnitType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$InterconvertibleUnitType is a collections of functions (all belonging to #$UnitOfMeasure) that are used to measure quantities whose units are convertible into one another. Some collections of interconvertible units include #$UnitOfTime, #$UnitOfDistance, #$UnitOfCPUSpeed. For example, #$UnitOfTime includes the functions #$HoursDuration and #$SecondsDuration (among others). Any quantity denoted by applying one of those functions can also be expressed in terms of the other. For example, (#$HoursDuration 1) equals (#$MinutesDuration 60). On the other hand, not all the instances of #$UnitOfMeasure constitute types of interconvertible units. #$UnitOfRate is not an element of #$InterconvertibleUnitType; therefore, it does not necessarily follow that quantities denoted by its elements are interconvertible. For example, #$TimesPerDay and #$MilesPerHour are both elements of #$UnitOfRate; however, quantities denoted using either function are not convertible into one another.") ;;; #$Interior (#$isa #$Interior #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Interior #$PieceOfFreeSpace) (#$comment #$Interior "The collection of spatial regions that are physical areas inside the walls or boundary of some object. The area need not be completely sealed off. See also #$Cavity which, unlike #$Interior, can include walls.") ;;; #$InteriorFn (#$isa #$InteriorFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$InteriorFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$InteriorFn #$Interior) (#$arg1Isa #$InteriorFn #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$InteriorFn "The function (InteriorFn OBJ), applied to a #$TangibleThing OBJ, means all the interior space within the #$Cavity or cavites (chambers, passages, pockets, bubbles, etc.) that occur inside of OBJ. The result is an instance of #$Interior. An #$Interior, unlike a #$Cavity, does not include the walls of the chamber or passage, just the interior space itself without any of the the enclosing walls, panels or membranes.") ;;; #$InteriorRegionFn (#$isa #$InteriorRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$InteriorRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$InteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$InteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$InteriorRegionFn "The function (InteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of the core or inner parts or sections of REGOROBJ, or the interior main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic inside/outside orientation (unlike, say, a loop of thread), but if REGOROBJ is an enveloping part, surface membrane, ring or layer within or on a larger region or object that has its own inside/outside orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's inside portion with respect to the inside and outside of the larger region or object.") ;;; #$InternalSensoryAttribute (#$isa #$InternalSensoryAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$InternalSensoryAttribute #$SensoryAttribute) (#$comment #$InternalSensoryAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$InternalSensoryAttribute is a state of a sentient being in which it experiences within itself some somatic or psycho-somatic feeling, urge, or impulse. An internal sensory attribute differs from an `external' one in that the sensing agent refers the former to itself and the latter to external objects. #$InternalSensoryAttribute includes states of feeling hungry, thirsty, tired, or in pain, as well as various bodily urges such as the urge to sneeze, burp, or urinate. Sensory attributes that may occur with more or less intensity are represented by indicating a #$LevelOfPain, #$LevelOfPhysicalPleasure, #$LevelOfStress, etc.") ;;; #$InternationalOrganization (#$isa #$InternationalOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InternationalOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$InternationalOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$InternationalOrganization is an organization of international `scope' -- that is, one which has substantial operations, physical facilities, or substantial membership in multiple countries. International organizations may have individual #$Persons, #$Organizations, or countries as members. They may be political or commercial in nature. International organizations with countries as members belong to the subset #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries. Examples of #$InternationalOrganization: #$UnitedNationsOrganization, #$OPEC, #$IBMInc. See also #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry.") ;;; #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries (#$isa #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries #$InternationalOrganization) (#$comment #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$InternationalOrganization. An element of #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries is an organization whose members are countries (as represented by their goverments). Examples: the United Nations, NATO, SEATO, OAU, the League of Arab States, and OPEC.") ;;; #$IntervalAfterFn (#$isa #$IntervalAfterFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$IntervalAfterFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalAfterFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalAfterFn #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$IntervalAfterFn #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$IntervalAfterFn "(#$IntervalAfterFn T-OBJ DUR) denotes the #$TimeInterval which immediately follows T-OBJ, lasting for duration DUR.") ;;; #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot (#$isa #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$QuantitySlot) (#$genls #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$FunctionalSlot) (#$comment #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot "A collection of binary predicates (i.e., slots). Flexibility in the representation of quantities is allowed in assertions made with the binary predicates that are elements of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot. Each of these predicates, like those in their superset #$QuantitySlot, is a binary predicate whose second argument must be an element of #$ScalarInterval, i.e., an interval or point representing the value of some measurement. For example, take the predicate #$heightOfObject, which relates an object to its vertical length. Although we suppose that in reality there is only a single distance that is the height of some one particular object, our measurement systems are in practice less precise--and typically we need a measurement only within a certain tolerance. For example, in measuring the #$heightOfObject of a person, usually a measurement to the nearest inch or centimeter will do. Or we may be even less detailed in our descriptions, perhaps caring only whether someone is more than four feet tall, or `Tall enough to ride' on an amusement park ride. By allowing an #$IntervalEntry #$Format (qq.v.) in the second argument of the measuring predicate, we are telling Cyc that it's okay to describe the (e.g.) #$heightOfObject in several different ways, with varying levels of precision, SO LONG AS all of the measurements asserted for the same object `overlap'. For example, it is consistent to say both that Jenny is 4'10'' tall, between four and five feet tall, and that she is `Tall enough to ride' the Dodgems (provided that `Tall enough to ride' is an interval whose minimum is at 4'10'' or lower). Even though there is only one height of a person in reality, using an #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot allows us to represent that height in many different ways, avoiding contradictions while still checking for consistency. For example, asserting both that Jeff's #$heightOfObject is 5'9'' and in the range 4.5-5.5 feet tall is an inconsistency.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SCALAR-ATTRIBUTE-ASCRIPTION") ;;; #$IntervalBeforeFn (#$isa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$IntervalBeforeFn "(#$IntervalBeforeFn ?X ?D) returns the time interval, of duration ?D, immediately preceding ?X. So the value is a #$TimeInterval, it has #$duration ?D, and (#$contiguousAfter ?X (#$IntervalBeforeFn ?X ?D)).") ;;; #$IntervalEndedByFn (#$isa #$IntervalEndedByFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$IntervalEndedByFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalEndedByFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalEndedByFn #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$IntervalEndedByFn "(#$IntervalEndedByFn TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval which ends when TEMP-OBJ starts. The beginning of this interval coincides with the beginning of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has a beginning.") ;;; #$IntervalEntry (#$isa #$IntervalEntry #$Format) (#$comment #$IntervalEntry "Arguments to Cyc predicates may have specified formats that constrain their values. #$IntervalEntry is the format used to constrain argument positions that must be filled with measurable quantities. If #$IntervalEntry is the entry format of some Nth argument to a predicate PRED, then all assertions with PRED that contain the same particular values in their other arguments must have, in the Nth (i.e., #$IntervalEntry) argument, quantitative values that `overlap'. (See #$ScalarInterval.) #$IntervalEntry is provided because, for functional arguments like the second argument to #$volumeOfObject, we know that a single `real' value does exist, though we may have various ways of concluding limits on that value in the form of intervals. As long as all the intervals overlap, those assertions are not contradictory. For more explanation, see #$Format and the related predicates #$arg1Format, #$arg2Format, etc.") ;;; #$IntervalMaxFn (#$isa #$IntervalMaxFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalMaxFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalMaxFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$IntervalMaxFn "(#$IntervalMaxFn SCALAR) returns an interval of the same type as SCALAR whose maximum value is the maximum value of SCALAR and whose minimum value is #$MinusInfinity. For example, (#$IntervalMaxFn (#$Mile 3)) is the same as `the interval from negative infinity miles to three miles'. [Technical Note: if that expression were to denote a strictly absolute, as opposed to a relative-or-absolute, distance, then it would mean `the interval from 0 miles to 3 miles'.] (#$IntervalMaxFn (#$Unity 1)) is the same as `the interval from negative infinity to 1', in other words, `no greater than one'.") ;;; #$IntervalMinFn (#$isa #$IntervalMinFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalMinFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalMinFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$IntervalMinFn "(#$IntervalMinFn SCALAR) returns an interval of the same type as SCALAR whose minimum value is the minimum value of SCALAR and whose maximum value is #$PlusInfinity. For example, (#$IntervalMinFn (#$Mile 3)) is the same as `the interval from three miles to an infinite number of miles', in other words, `at least three miles'.") ;;; #$IntervalOnNumberLine (#$isa #$IntervalOnNumberLine #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$isa #$IntervalOnNumberLine #$Collection) (#$genls #$IntervalOnNumberLine #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$IntervalOnNumberLine "A collection of measurable intervals; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine is an interval on the real number line; for example, the interval described by `numbers greater than zero and less than or equal to 10'. A common special case of such intervals is that of a single point on that line, viz., a number such as five or 125. Note that such an interval need not be contiguous; e.g., `even numbers between Pi and the square root of 1000' describes a legitimate element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The collection #$RealNumber is a subset of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The elements of #$IntervalOnNumberLine are measured by elements of #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure, e.g., units or percentages. See also #$Unity, #$Percent, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$IntervalStartedByFn (#$isa #$IntervalStartedByFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$IntervalStartedByFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalStartedByFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalStartedByFn #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$IntervalStartedByFn "(#$IntervalStartedByFn TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval which begins when TEMP-OBJ ends. The end of this interval coincides with the end of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if time has an end.") ;;; #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject (#$isa #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject #$VectorInterval) (#$comment #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject "The collection of all intrinsic axes of objects, being the conventional or obvious axes depending on shape, movement or function of the object. For example, for a chest-of-drawers, the intrinsic axes are top-to-bottom, side-to-side, and front-to-back. See also #$AxisFn. Each intrinsic axis is a direction relative to the object's orientation.") ;;; #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent (#$isa #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$Event) (#$comment #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent "The collection of #$Events which are characterized primarily by a change in some intrinsic property of one main entity involved in the event (i.e., one of the #$actors). Such intrinsic changes may include changes of a thing's color, temperature, device state, size, and so on. Events where the main change is extrinsic (such as a change in location or ownership) are not #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In events which have more than one actor, the event may be an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent for one actor but not for another. For example, in a #$FasteningSafetyBelt event, the #$SafetySeatBelt (the device used) goes from unconnected to connected (to itself), which is an intrinsic change; however, the agent who does the fastening (i.e., who is #$HandlingADevice) does not change intrinsically, but only in its configuration to the belt, an external object. Another example: in a #$HairCuttingEvent, the hair that is barbered undergoes an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent due to its role in that kind of event, but the barber undergoes no intrinsic change due to the hair cutting. Note: Some events, such as an ice cube melting into a small puddle of water, could be represented in Cyc either as an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent or as a #$TransformationEvent but not (within a single micro-theory) as both; see the comments on those constants.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CHANGE-STATE") ;;; #$InverseOfIntervalFn (#$isa #$InverseOfIntervalFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$InverseOfIntervalFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$InverseOfIntervalFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$InverseOfIntervalFn "#$InverseOfIntervalFn is the unary mathematical function that returns the inverse of the number taken as its argument. For example, (#$InverseOfIntervalFn 7) returns 1/7.") ;;; #$Invertebrate (#$isa #$Invertebrate #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$Invertebrate #$Animal) (#$genls #$Invertebrate #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$comment #$Invertebrate "A collection of animals; every element of #$Invertebrate is an animal that has no backbone. #$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Invertebrate #$SENSUS-Information1997 "INVERTEBRATE") ;;; #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement (#$isa #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary) (#$genls #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$comment #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement "The collection of involuntary bodily movements, those movements in which an #$Animal's body does the action automatically -- the agent's consent doesn't enter into it. Subsets of #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement include #$Heartbeating, #$Sneezing, #$Snoring, etc.") ;;; #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate (#$isa #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$isa #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent antireflexive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, for every X in the domain of F, (#$not (F X X)). Examples: #$spouse, #$causes, #$northOf, #$temporallyDisjoint. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.") ;;; #$IsaVsMainConstituentVsConstituents (#$isa #$IsaVsMainConstituentVsConstituents #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$IsaVsMainConstituentVsConstituents "When to use #$isa, #$mainConstituent, or #$constituents. We develop the following example as a basis for explaining the differences. Consider X, where (#$isa X #$Water). If we add some other substance(s) to X, to the point where the mixture acquires some salient characteristic(s) different from #$Water while retaining all the main properties, then we should assert (#$mainConstituent X W), where W is the original water -- i.e., (#$isa W #$Water) -- and X is the whole new mixture of W with some other stuff(s). Suppose we add enough enough other stuff that the physical properties of the mixture become significantly different from those of water; then we should assert only (#$constituents X W). #$isa - Use #$isa if X would commonly be referred to as `water', including cases in which a small number of minor characteristics are different due to some admixture. Examples (arguably, 3 and 4 are borderline cases): 1. An instance of (#$PureFn #$Water) #$isa #$Water. 2. An instance of #$Water-Ingestible #$isa #$Water (but may have trace constituents). 3. An instance of #$PoolWater #$isa #$Water (but has some #$Chlorine as a salient #$constituents). 4. An instance of #$SeaWater #$isa #$Water (but has some #$Salt-NaCl as a salient #$constituents). #$mainConstituent - Use #$mainConstituent when X contains other substances besides water, would NOT commonly referred to as `water', and yet has MOST of the material properties of water. As a rule, most of the properties of the #$mainConstituent transfer to the substance it's a part of. Often such substances have at least one important and/or perceptible characteristic (due to admixture) that is quite different from the properties of water. Examples: 1. An instance of #$Lemonade is NOT called `water' but has water as a #$mainConstituent. It tastes quite different from water. It has nutritional (caloric) value. It is a human-made beverage. 2. An instance of #$Coffee-Beverage is NOT called `water' but has water as a #$mainConstituent. It tastes quite different from water. It contains caffeine. Also, a specific inference about coffee's (lack of) transparency should override the transparency which would otherwise be inferred from the material properties of its #$mainConstituent. 3. Aqueous hydrochloric acid has many of the properties of its main constituent, water -- for example, transparency, viscosity, density, freezing point, etc. But it also has the very important difference that it is highly acidic, caustic, etc. -- and attributing to it water's potability would be disastrous. #$constituents - Use #$constituents when X is NOT commonly referred to as `water' and has FEW properties of water, even though X contains water. Examples: 1. An instance of (#$SolidFn #$Gelatin) is NOT called `water', and though it has water among its #$constituents, gelatin has very few of the properties of water. 2. An instance of #$Concrete is NOT called `water'; though it has water among its #$constituents, it has none of the salient characteristics of water. 3. An instance of #$Mud is NOT called `water' and has few characteristics of water, though water is among its #$constituents. Its #$mainConstituent is some portion of #$Soil.") ;;; #$Island (#$isa #$Island #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Island #$LandBody) (#$genls #$Island #$IslandsAndIslandGroup) (#$comment #$Island "The collection of all islands, each being a #$LandBody (smaller than a #$Continent) surrounded by water.") ;;; #$IslandArea (#$isa #$IslandArea #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IslandArea #$IslandsAndIslandGroup) ;;; #$IslandsAndIslandGroup (#$isa #$IslandsAndIslandGroup #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IslandsAndIslandGroup #$LandTopographicalFeature) (#$comment #$IslandsAndIslandGroup "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup is either an island or a group of islands (see #$Archipelago). Elements of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup include groups of scattered islands which do not form a natural geographical area; the chief reasons for representing such groups is that they are geopolitical areas and/or were historically significant. Examples: #$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades, #$OuterHebrides-Archipelago, #$Grenadines-Islands.") ;;; #$ItineraryDocument (#$isa #$ItineraryDocument #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ItineraryDocument #$TextualMaterial) (#$comment #$ItineraryDocument "The collection of documents that contain information about the time/location of each leg of a trip, accomodations, etc.") ;;; #$January (#$isa #$January #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$January #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$Jealousy (#$isa #$Jealousy #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Jealousy #$Resentment) (#$comment #$Jealousy "Intolerance of rivalry; feeling of suspicion and resentment of one's rivals. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Note: #$Envy is related to covetousness, wanting (perhaps in the future) what someone else has; #$Jealousy is related to possessiveness, wanting to keep what is (or was or could have been) already yours.") ;;; #$JobAttribute (#$isa #$JobAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$JobAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$JobAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$JobAttribute describes a general property of a job or type of job. Examples of #$JobAttribute include #$BlueCollar, #$WhiteCollar, and #$FlexibleWorkingHours.") ;;; #$JobCapacity (#$isa #$JobCapacity #$CapacityAttribute) (#$comment #$JobCapacity "the attribute of performing something as a job") ;;; #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart (#$isa #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$Configuration) (#$genls #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart "The collection of all joints of #$Animals. A joint is the juncture between the ends or edges of abutting bones of the animal's skeleton. Joints are of several types mechanically (e.g., ball-and-socket). Many major joints function as hinges, in which the ends of the abutting bones are joined with ligaments and cushioned by cartilege.") ;;; #$JointTypeBetweenFn (#$isa #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$Configuration) (#$arg1Isa #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$JointTypeBetweenFn "(#$JointTypeBetweenFn OBJ-TYPE1 OBJ-TYPE2) denotes the class of #$Connections found between objects of type OBJ-TYPE1 and OBJ-TYPE2. For example, (#$JointTypeBetweenFn #$TelephoneBody #$TelephoneReceiver) is the class of #$Connections between telephone handsets and bodies of telephones. (#$JointTypeBetweenFn #$Humerus #$Radius-Bone) would be the class of elbows, but we chose to reify that class (#$ElbowJoint). #$JointTypeBetweenFn is most useful when one needs to refer to a type of connection without creating it and naming it specifically.") ;;; #$July (#$isa #$July #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$July #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$JunctionOfPaths (#$isa #$JunctionOfPaths #$SituationType) (#$genls #$JunctionOfPaths #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$JunctionOfPaths #$StaticSituation) (#$genls #$JunctionOfPaths (#$GroupFn #$SpatialThing)) (#$comment #$JunctionOfPaths "The collection of junctions of paths, each being an arrangement of two or more links of #$Path-Generics such that the parts are in a particular spatial relation to each other (they are all locally connected to each other and join at the place of the #$JunctionOfPaths). It includes the case of two or more paths that 'cross' at a junction, but not the case in which the end of one path simply joins the end of another path. For junctions in #$PathSystems, see #$junctionInSystem.") ;;; #$JunctionOfPipes (#$isa #$JunctionOfPipes #$RegionType) (#$genls #$JunctionOfPipes #$JunctionOfPaths) (#$comment #$JunctionOfPipes "The collection of all junctions of pipes or tubes. Each junction permits flow between any two #$Pipe-GenericConduits joined at that junction. At any #$JunctionOfPipes, three or more #$Pipe-GenericConduit segments must be joined, although some joined pipes may loop back to the same junction.") ;;; #$June (#$isa #$June #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$June #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$JuvenileAnimal (#$isa #$JuvenileAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$JuvenileAnimal #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment) (#$genls #$JuvenileAnimal #$PortableObject) (#$genls #$JuvenileAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$JuvenileAnimal "An element of #$LifeStageType. #$JuvenileAnimal is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown nor fully mature.") ;;; #$JuvenileFn (#$isa #$JuvenileFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$JuvenileFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$JuvenileFn #$JuvenileAnimal) (#$arg1Isa #$JuvenileFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$JuvenileFn #$Animal) (#$comment #$JuvenileFn "#$JuvenileFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$JuvenileFn ORGCLASSTYPE) represents that subset of #$JuvenileAnimal whose elements are the juveniles of the group of animals denoted by ORGCLASSTYPE. E.g., (#$JuvenileFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all fawns. Certain kinds of organisms have no juveniles (e.g., the members of #$Amoeba).") ;;; #$Killing-Biological (#$isa #$Killing-Biological #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Killing-Biological #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Killing-Biological #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$Killing-Biological #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$Killing-Biological "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, one living organism ends the life of another, either intentionally or unintentionally.") ;;; #$Kilogram (#$isa #$Kilogram #$UnitOfMass) (#$isa #$Kilogram #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Kilogram #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Kilogram #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Kilogram #$Mass) (#$resultIsa #$Kilogram #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Kilogram #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Kilogram "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the basic unit of mass in the Metric system (and in Cyc). See also #$MKSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Kilometer (#$isa #$Kilometer #$UnitOfDistance) (#$isa #$Kilometer #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$isa #$Kilometer #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Kilometer #$Distance) (#$resultIsa #$Kilometer #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Kilometer #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Kilometer "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the 1000-meter unit used within the Metric system to measure distance. Modern countries using the metric system measure their roads - and their road races - in kilometers. See also #$MKSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$KilometersPerHour (#$isa #$KilometersPerHour #$UnitOfSpeed) (#$isa #$KilometersPerHour #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$KilometersPerHour #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$KilometersPerHour #$Speed) (#$resultIsa #$KilometersPerHour #$VectorInterval) (#$argsIsa #$KilometersPerHour #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$KilometersPerHour "(#$KilometersPerHour NUMBER) returns a dimensionless rate or speed of NUMBER kilometers per hour.") ;;; #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice (#$isa #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$comment #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice "A collection of devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice does not have an `on-board' energy source incorporated into it, at least not one supplying the bulk of the power requirements of the device. Instead, its operating power is supplied by the kinetic energy from something else in motion -- such as animal muscle power (including human labor), wind energy, or hydraulic power. Examples include elements of the collections #$Hammer and #$Piano-Acoustic. (Contrast with #$SelfPoweredDevice --- e.g., an electric organ is a #$SelfPoweredDevice, not a #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice.)") ;;; #$KnowledgeBase (#$isa #$KnowledgeBase #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$KnowledgeBase #$Database-AbstractContent) (#$genls #$KnowledgeBase #$ConventionalClassificationSystem) (#$comment #$KnowledgeBase "A collection of intangible individuals; a subset of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each element of #$KnowledgeBase is a database that attempts to represent the structure of at least part of the world. Instances include #$Cyc and #$SENSUS-Information1997.") ;;; #$Lake (#$isa #$Lake #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Lake #$BodyOfWater) (#$comment #$Lake "A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$Lake is a land-locked body of water, typically but not necessarily of freshwater. Examples: #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe. Note that inland saltwater lakes, commonly referred to as `seas', belong to the collection #$InlandSea (rather than to #$Lake); e.g., #$CaspianSea, #$BlackSea, #$DeadSea.") ;;; #$LandBody (#$isa #$LandBody #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LandBody #$TopographicalFeature) (#$comment #$LandBody "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$LandBody is a cohesive chunk of land whose extent is principally defined by one or more bordering bodies of water (liquid or frozen). Types of #$LandBody include the subsets #$Island and #$Continent. Examples: #$Australia, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$Trinidad-Island, #$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land defined by human occupation or political boundaries, e.g., #$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are elements of #$GeographicalRegion, but not of #$LandBody.") ;;; #$LandTopographicalFeature (#$isa #$LandTopographicalFeature #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LandTopographicalFeature #$EarthStuff) (#$genls #$LandTopographicalFeature #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$LandTopographicalFeature #$TopographicalFeature) (#$genls #$LandTopographicalFeature #$OutdoorLocation) (#$comment #$LandTopographicalFeature "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$TopographicalFeature is a region of land distinguishable from surrounding regions by salient physical differences in surface texture, three-dimensional shape, or elevation. For example, the #$ArabianPeninsula, #$ZionHill, the #$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains.") ;;; #$LandTransportationDevice (#$isa #$LandTransportationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LandTransportationDevice #$TransportationDevice) (#$comment #$LandTransportationDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$LandTransportationDevice is a device used for transportation on land. Subsets of #$LandTransportationDevice include the collections #$Automobile, #$Snowmobile, #$TrainCar, #$HorseCarriage, #$BabyCarriage, #$Bicycle, #$SkateBoard, and more.") ;;; #$Language (#$isa #$Language #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Language #$CommunicationConvention) (#$genls #$Language (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "LANGUAGE-RELATED-OBJECT")) (#$genls #$Language (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "LANGUAGE")) (#$comment #$Language "The collection of systems which use conventionalized signs or symbols. This includes dead languages, computer languages, unspoken languages, codes - anything which relates symbols to meaning.") ;;; #$LateralRegionFn (#$isa #$LateralRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$LateralRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LateralRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$LateralRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$LateralRegionFn "The function (LateralRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of the flanks or side parts or lateral main sections (away from the mid-line) of REGOROBJ, or the lateral main areas of REGOROBJ as opposed to the medial or middle area; the right and left regions then both include parts of the lateral regions. #$LateralRegionFn applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic right/left orientation (unlike, say, a sphere), but if REGOROBJ is a part within a larger region or object that has its own right/left orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's portions farthest from the mid-line (with respect to left and right) of the larger region or object.") ;;; #$LawEnforcementOfficer (#$isa #$LawEnforcementOfficer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$LawEnforcementOfficer #$PublicSectorEmployee) (#$genls #$LawEnforcementOfficer #$Professional) (#$comment #$LawEnforcementOfficer "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$LawEnforcementOfficer is a person whose job is to prevent, detect, stop, and/or punish people committing illegal activities. The collection #$LawEnforcementOfficer includes local, state, and special police (e.g., transit police), and federal agents (e.g., border patrol, national security agents). An instance of #$LawEnforcementOfficer typically also belongs to one of the following collections: #$StateEmployee, #$LocalGovernmentEmployee, or #$NationalGovernmentEmployee (see #$PublicSectorEmployee).") ;;; #$LawEnforcementOrganization (#$isa #$LawEnforcementOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LawEnforcementOrganization #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$comment #$LawEnforcementOrganization "The collection of all law enforcement organizations. An element of #$LawEnforcementOrganization is any organization which is legally empowered to enforce laws. This collection includes police forces, national bureaux of investigation, some forest services, park police, hunting and game commission officers, #$BorderPoliceOrganizations, governmental executive protection services, military police, etc.") ;;; #$Layer (#$isa #$Layer #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Layer #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$Layer "The collection of all layers of things, each layer being a #$SheetOfSomeStuff that is #$sheetSurfaceConnected, or situated adjacent, surface-to-surface, to at least one surface or layer or region on one side, and possibly to other layers or surfaces on both sides. A layer may be part of a larger object, or it may be an independent whole object such as a hide confined in a stack of hides. A #$Layer is not a #$FreeSheet. See the #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote.") ;;; #$Layered (#$isa #$Layered #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Layered "The physical structural attribute of being layered, laminate, or made of #$Layers, like stratified rock or an onion. An object that is #$Layered has two or more parts that are each #$Layers.") ;;; #$Leader (#$isa #$Leader #$PositionType) (#$genls #$Leader #$Person) (#$genls #$Leader #$IntelligentAgent) (#$comment #$Leader "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Leader is a person who heads an instance of #$Organization. Typically, a leader of an organization makes major decisions on behalf of the whole organization, has the authority to direct the organization's personnel to carry out those decisions, and is empowered to engage or negotiate with external agents to achieve the organization's goals. This collection includes leaders of #$subOrganizations, such as department heads within larger organizations. Also, a single person may be a leader in more than one organization. In addition, see #$hasLeaders, #$Manager, and #$seniorExecutives.") ;;; #$LeapYear (#$isa #$LeapYear #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$LeapYear #$CalendarYear) (#$comment #$LeapYear "The collection of #$CalendarYears which are leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 29 days") ;;; #$Learning (#$isa #$Learning #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Learning #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Learning #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Learning #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$Learning "The collection of all events, brief or extended, in which an agent is consciously acquiring information or know-how.") ;;; #$Leather (#$isa #$Leather #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$Leather #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Leather #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Leather #$FreeSheet) (#$genls #$Leather #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$Leather "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Leather is a piece of tanned animal hide. Pieces of #$Leather are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of shoes, gloves, upholstery, satchels and purses, saddles, etc.") ;;; #$LeftObject (#$isa #$LeftObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LeftObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$LeftObject "The collection of objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the left side of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples include left hands, left shoes, left automobile turning signals.") ;;; #$LeftRegionFn (#$isa #$LeftRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$LeftRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LeftRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$LeftRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$LeftRegionFn "The function (LeftRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of the left half or flank or left main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic left/right orientation, or is part of a larger region or object that has a left/right orientation.") ;;; #$Leg (#$isa #$Leg #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Leg #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Leg "The collection of all #$Animal appendages used for locomotion overland, supporting the animal and moving it along by walking, running, etc. Thus wings, fins, etc., are not #$Legs. The #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart is considered part of the #$Leg") ;;; #$LegalAgent (#$isa #$LegalAgent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalAgent #$SocialBeing) (#$comment #$LegalAgent "The collection of all legal agents; a subset of #$Agent. A legal agent is one that has some legal status in a particular legal system. At the very least, such an agent is recognized by some legal authority as having some kinds of rights and/or responsibilities as an agent (e.g., #$citizens of Germany), or as being subject to certain restrictions and penalties (e.g., a company that has been blacklisted by Iraq). Thus, instances of #$LegalAgent include agents that may have property rights, may be taxed, may have a government identification number, may be sued, may have an address, etc. Note: membership in this collection is very much dependent upon context. In some societies, only adult males and various kinds of state-run organizations would be included in #$LegalAgents.") ;;; #$LegalAgreement (#$isa #$LegalAgreement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalAgreement #$Agreement) (#$comment #$LegalAgreement "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$Agreement. Each element of #$LegalAgreement is an agreement which has a legal status, i.e., is recognized as a valid agreement by a government. #$LegalAgreement includes the elements in its subsets #$SalesContract, #$PublicHealthRegulations, #$AssumableLoan, #$Patent, #$InsurancePlan, #$Visa-Permit, and the different kinds of #$License -- among many others.") ;;; #$LegalCode (#$isa #$LegalCode #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$LegalCode #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$LegalCode #$GovernmentCOC) (#$comment #$LegalCode "A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$LegalCode is a microtheory for collecting all the instances of #$Law which hold in a given #$GeopoliticalEntity. For example, #$LegalCode-ModernUnitedStates.") ;;; #$LegalCorporation (#$isa #$LegalCorporation #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalCorporation #$Organization) (#$genls #$LegalCorporation #$LegalAgent) (#$comment #$LegalCorporation "A collection of businesses. An element of #$LegalCorporation is a private, legal, corporate entity with the legal rights to own property, manage itself, and sue or be sued. It is established by a charter or registration granted by a government. A corporation's owners have #$Stock in it and normally elect its #$BoardOfDirectors, but are usually not active in its operation nor liable for its debts, crimes, or torts.") ;;; #$LegalGovernmentOrganization (#$isa #$LegalGovernmentOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalGovernmentOrganization #$LegalAgent) (#$genls #$LegalGovernmentOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$LegalGovernmentOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization is an organization which is a part of, and funded by, the government of a geopolitical entity. Examples include the #$InternalRevenueService, #$UnitedStatesNavy, and #$CityCouncilOfAustin (TX). Some elements of #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations have legal standing in courts.") ;;; #$LegalHoliday (#$isa #$LegalHoliday #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$LegalHoliday #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalHoliday #$Holiday) (#$comment #$LegalHoliday "The subset of #$Holidays which are typically declared to be #$Holidays by the governments of western countries, and which are therefore days on which most people governed by that government do not work and on which students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may coincide with #$ReligiousHolidays, especially where there is a government-sanctioned religion.") ;;; #$LegalProfessional (#$isa #$LegalProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$LegalProfessional #$Professional) (#$comment #$LegalProfessional "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$LegalProfessional is a person working in the field of law. This collection includes lawyers, judges, paralegals, and law clerks.") ;;; #$LevelOfAConstruction (#$isa #$LevelOfAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LevelOfAConstruction #$SpaceInAHOC) (#$comment #$LevelOfAConstruction "The levels, also called floors or storeys, of a #$ConstructionArtifact. Levels are regions in space; they are not two-dimensional planes.") ;;; #$LevelOfDiscomfort (#$isa #$LevelOfDiscomfort #$SensoryReactionType) (#$genls #$LevelOfDiscomfort #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$genls #$LevelOfDiscomfort #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$comment #$LevelOfDiscomfort "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the various levels of discomfort that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Typically, the agent must be a living entity. Typically, the sensation is an internal feeling, and is more of a long-lasting dull ache than a sharp pain (see: #$LevelOfPain).") ;;; #$LevelOfExhaustion (#$isa #$LevelOfExhaustion #$PhysicalUrgeType) (#$genls #$LevelOfExhaustion #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$LevelOfExhaustion #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$LevelOfExhaustion "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative degrees of exhaustion that an animal may feel. Note that this predicate is NOT properly used for any other purpose (e.g., to describe metal fatigue, or the depletion of natural resources, or the gradual inhibition that a single cell devlops to repeated stimuli, etc., even though in English the words `exhaustion' and `fatigue' have those meanings.) This is a good example of how Cyc's internal representation must, and does, disambiguate different concepts even though they might be metaphors for each other, and even though those distinct meanings might be mixed together at a word level in a natural language like English.") ;;; #$LevelOfHunger (#$isa #$LevelOfHunger #$PhysicalUrgeType) (#$genls #$LevelOfHunger #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$LevelOfHunger #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$genls #$LevelOfHunger #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$LevelOfHunger "A collection of #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttributes that express how hungry an #$Animal is (e.g., #$Hungry, #$NotHungry, #$Starving). These #$LevelOfHunger attributes are the first argument to the predicate #$hungerLevelOf (q.v.).") ;;; #$LevelOfPain (#$isa #$LevelOfPain #$SensoryReactionType) (#$genls #$LevelOfPain #$LevelOfDiscomfort) (#$comment #$LevelOfPain "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of pain that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Although the agent is often a living entity, this is not required. The source of the pain could be either external or internal; in either case, the subjective feeling is generally `sharper' and hopefully shorter-lived than just `a feeling of discomfort' (see: #$LevelOfDiscomfort.)") ;;; #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling (#$isa #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling #$SensoryReactionType) (#$genls #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$comment #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of comfort/relaxation/ease that an animal may have. This feeling is generally internal, and relatively long-lasting (compared with, e.g., the duration of a painful twinge.) Any positive degree of this #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling is incompatible with a high level of #$MuscleTenseness, a high #$LevelOfPain, or a high #$LevelOfDiscomfort.") ;;; #$LexicalItem (#$isa #$LexicalItem #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$LexicalItem #$LinguisticObject) (#$comment #$LexicalItem "The collection of items which form the lexicon of a language. These include both free morphemes, like 'dog', and bound morphemes, like affixes.") ;;; #$LexicalWord (#$isa #$LexicalWord #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$LexicalWord #$LexicalItem) (#$genls #$LexicalWord #$LinguisticObject) (#$comment #$LexicalWord "The collection of all words. A lexical word is a free morpheme; it need not be bound to another lexical item. Note that inflectional forms of a word, if there are such, do not constitute distinct words. Examples of #$LexicalWord: #$Aluminum-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$To-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$Hang-Glide-MWW.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$LexicalWord #$SENSUS-Information1997 "WORD") ;;; #$LifeThreateningCondition (#$isa #$LifeThreateningCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$LifeThreateningCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$LifeThreateningCondition "A collection of ailments which are distinguished by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those ailments may cause an organism to die (but will not certainly do so). Cases of #$Poisoning and of #$Pneumonia are often instances of #$LifeThreateningCondition. Cf. #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition. ") ;;; #$LightIntensity (#$isa #$LightIntensity #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$LightIntensity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$LightIntensity #$SensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$LightIntensity #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$LightIntensity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$LightIntensity is a characterization of how brightly illuminated a location is. (At the low extreme is total darkness.) The light intensity of a location is indicated with the predicate #$illuminationLevel.") ;;; #$LightingDevice (#$isa #$LightingDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LightingDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$genls #$LightingDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$LightingDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$LightingDevice has the #$primaryFunction of providing light. The light provided may be provided in different ways and for different specialized purposes. For example, it may be for general illumination of a fixed area (as by instances of #$Candle, #$Lantern, #$ElectricLamp, and #$Streetlight); or it may be for specially directed illumination (as by instances of #$AutomotiveLight and #$Flashlight); or it may be for use in a signal or sign (as by instances of #$TrafficLight and #$IndicatorLight); or it may be for some other special purposes (as by instances of StrobeLight).") ;;; #$LightningEvent (#$isa #$LightningEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$LightningEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$LightningEvent #$ImmediateWeatherProcess) (#$comment #$LightningEvent "The collection of lightning flashes, events in which the atmosphere discharges electricity.") ;;; #$Line (#$isa #$Line #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Line #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$Line "A collection of geometical things. Each instance of #$Line is a one-dimensional path through two- or three-dimensional space, whether curved or straight. Formally, this is a 1-manifold.") ;;; #$LinguisticObject (#$isa #$LinguisticObject #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$LinguisticObject (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "LANGUAGE-RELATED-OBJECT")) (#$genls #$LinguisticObject #$MentalObject) (#$genls #$LinguisticObject #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$LinguisticObject "The collection of intangible objects which are parts of language systems. Subsets of #$LinguisticObject include #$LinguisticObject, #$Title, #$WordSense, #$SententialConstituent, #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject, #$LinguisticAttribute, etc.)") ;;; #$LinguisticObjectType (#$isa #$LinguisticObjectType #$Collection) (#$genls #$LinguisticObjectType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$LinguisticObjectType "#$LinguisticObjectType is the collection of things which are subsets of #$LinguisticObject.") ;;; #$LinkFn (#$isa #$LinkFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LinkFn #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg1Isa #$LinkFn #$Thing) (#$comment #$LinkFn "For each #$PathSystem SYS, (#$LinkFn SYS) denotes the set of all links in SYS (see #$PathSystem). Note that the function #$LinkFn and the predicate #$linkInSystem are interdefinable. We normally use #$LinkFn, for convenience, when we consider some relations between different path systems even though for a single path system SYS, we can also replace each (#$linkInSystem X SYS) by (#$elementOf X (#$LinkFn SYS)).") ;;; #$LiquidAsset (#$isa #$LiquidAsset #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LiquidAsset #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$LiquidAsset "A collection of objects. Each element of #$LiquidAsset is either an instance of #$Currency or some asset that is readily convertible to currency by selling or borrowing againstit. Examples: stocks, bonds, money market accounts.") ;;; #$LiquidFn (#$isa #$LiquidFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LiquidFn #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$resultGenl #$LiquidFn #$LiquidTangibleThing) (#$arg1Isa #$LiquidFn #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$comment #$LiquidFn "A #$CollectionDenotingFunction. #$LiquidFn takes as an argument a collection COL, membership in which is based only on physical and/or chemical composition and not on any other property (see #$TangibleStuffCompositionType). (#$LiquidFn COL) is the collection of elements of COL that are in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter. E.g., the mud in my driveway belongs to the collection (#$LiquidFn #$EarthStuff).") ;;; #$LiquidStateOfMatter (#$isa #$LiquidStateOfMatter #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous) (#$comment #$LiquidStateOfMatter "A basic physical state of matter. Liquid objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by special qualities of flow, such as being #$Pourable and conforming to the bottom of whatever container they occupy. Examples of things that typically have this attribute are: a `piece' of the Pacific Ocean in the tropics; a lump of mercury at room temperature; the blood in the circulatory system of a living mammal; and some molten silver about to be poured into a teapot mold.") ;;; #$LiquidTangibleThing (#$isa #$LiquidTangibleThing #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$genls #$LiquidTangibleThing #$FluidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$LiquidTangibleThing "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$LiquidTangibleThing is a tangible thing which is in a #$LiquidStateOfMatter; i.e., its shape would conform to the bottom of a vessel containing it. Cf. #$FluidTangibleThing and #$GaseousTangibleThing.") ;;; #$List-Sequence (#$isa #$List-Sequence #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$List-Sequence #$Tuple) (#$comment #$List-Sequence "The collection of all lists or finite sequences of items, as an abstract notion. A #$List-Sequence is a special kind of #$Tuple that is a finite structure with a first and last member-position, and for each member-postion but the last, there is a succesor member-position. A #$List-Sequence, like other #$Tuples, allows repetition of its members -- the same item can appear at multiple member-positions in the list. A list can be viewed formally as a function from a finite index set of counting numbers, beginning with one or zero, into the domain of #$Things or perhaps some more restrictive domain. Unlike #$Series, #$List-Sequence is purely abstract and the only implied relation between an item and its successor is the successor relation of the list itself. #$List-Sequence is, technically, more specific than #$Tuple only in that the index set must be the counting numbers in their usual order rather than some other index set.") ;;; #$ListTheFormat (#$isa #$ListTheFormat #$Format) (#$comment #$ListTheFormat "A Format or datatype. Multiple copies of entries, & any number of entries, are OK; and order matters; i.e., if you change the order of two different elements of a list, the resultant list is not equal to the original one") ;;; #$ListWithoutRepetition (#$isa #$ListWithoutRepetition #$StuffType) (#$genls #$ListWithoutRepetition #$TotallyOrderedSet) (#$genls #$ListWithoutRepetition #$List-Sequence) (#$comment #$ListWithoutRepetition "The collection of all those #$List-Sequences, for each of which, no element appears more than once in the list. (In general a #$List-Sequence and #$Series may have repeated elements.) See also #$SeriesWithoutRepetition.") ;;; #$ListeningDeliberately (#$isa #$ListeningDeliberately #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ListeningDeliberately #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ListeningDeliberately #$Hearing) (#$genls #$ListeningDeliberately #$AccessingAnIBT) (#$comment #$ListeningDeliberately "The collection of events in which an #$Agent deliberately facilitates and does #$Hearing.") ;;; #$Liter (#$isa #$Liter #$UnitOfVolume) (#$isa #$Liter #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Liter #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Liter #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Liter #$Volume) (#$resultIsa #$Liter #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Liter #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Liter "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the standard unit of capacity in the Metric system (and also in Cyc). See also #$UnitOfVolume, #$MKSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Liver (#$isa #$Liver #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Liver #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Liver #$Organ) (#$comment #$Liver "The collection of all living #$Animal livers. Each instance of #$Liver is a large compound #$InternalOrgan. A #$Liver breaks down dead #$RedBloodCells, removes certain poisons and waste material from the blood stream, creates glycogen from sugars and proteins, stores glycogen, removes certain chemicals from the blood, secretes bile (#$BileTheSecretion) which is used for digestion,and regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, #$Proteins, #$Vitamins, #$Minerals, and fats.") ;;; #$LivingLanguage (#$isa #$LivingLanguage #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$LivingLanguage #$NaturalLanguage) (#$comment #$LivingLanguage "#$LivingLanguage, a subset of #$NaturalLanguage, is the collection of all natural languages which have some native speaker(s).") ;;; #$LocalCustomerContactPoint (#$isa #$LocalCustomerContactPoint #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LocalCustomerContactPoint #$SingleSiteOrganization) (#$genls #$LocalCustomerContactPoint #$LocalOrganization) (#$comment #$LocalCustomerContactPoint "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$LocalCustomerContactPoint is a single-site organization serving customers in a local area, working from a particular store, office, or other physical quarters where customers (or their agents) go in person to speak with company representatives about the services or products offered. Elements of #$LocalCustomerContactPoint may be either stand-alone organizations or sub-organization of a larger company. Examples of #$LocalCustomerContactPoint include #$NewYorkHospital, #$Threadgills restaurant, the Bank of America office on Jollyville Road, #$StudtmanPhoto studios, the Village Cinema on Anderson Lane.") ;;; #$LocalGovernmentOrganization (#$isa #$LocalGovernmentOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LocalGovernmentOrganization #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$genls #$LocalGovernmentOrganization #$LocalOrganization) (#$comment #$LocalGovernmentOrganization "A collection of government organizations; a subset of #$LocalOrganization. An element of #$LocalGovernmentOrganization is any government organization -- whether federal, state, county, or municipal -- that is specific to, i.e., has jurisdiction and/or services generally limited to, one (local) location. For example, a Board of Education of a particular school district is a #$LocalGovernmentOrganization, because its authority extends to schools in a limited (local) area; in the U.S., such a Board answers to another #$LocalGovernmentOrganization, typically a city or township government. In another example, an element of #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a local organization in terms of its service area, but bureaucratically it belongs to the U.S. Federal government; thus, #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a subset of both #$LocalGovernmentOrganization and #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization.") ;;; #$LocalOrganization (#$isa #$LocalOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LocalOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$LocalOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$LocalOrganization is an organization having local `scope' -- that is, members distributed in a local area (a #$Neighborhood, #$City, rural region, etc.) or having a local area of activity and concern, as opposed to statewide, national, or international organizations.") ;;; #$LocomotionEvent (#$isa #$LocomotionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$LocomotionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$LocomotionEvent #$AnimalActivity) (#$genls #$LocomotionEvent #$Translation-SinglePath) (#$genls #$LocomotionEvent #$Translation-Complete) (#$comment #$LocomotionEvent "A collection of events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In an instance of #$LocomotionEvent, the #$objectMoving (at least the object that is playing the role of #$doneBy in the event) moves along some pathway under its own power (i.e. plays the role of #$providerOfMotiveForce). In addition to episodes of walking and swimming, #$LocomotionEvent includes events in which an agent moves itself using a device, with that agent supplying the motive force to the device -- as in instances of #$PedalingABicycle, #$IceSkating, #$InLineSkating, etc. Since the locomotor virtually always supplies the vast majority of the force required to make the motion happen, it is safe to infer that IF something plays the role of #$providerOfMotiveForce, THEN it is an #$objectMoving. In certain abnormal situations this rule will make the wrong conclusions: e.g. if a mountain climber's assent is aided by another stationary person above. Some locomotion events are also transportation events, e.g. when someone is walking while carrying something else. Note: Elements of #$LocomotionEvent may be `non-homogeneous' (by contrast, each #$LocomotionProcess is `homogeneous.') That is, if you take #$timeSlices of a #$LocomotionEvent, they may or may not be #$LocomotionEvents. E.g., even though a mountain-climbing event is a #$LocomotionEvent, if you take a time-slice of it -- even a quite long time-slice of it! -- that whole time-slice could be where you were tying your climbing rope to a piton you'd just pounded into the mountainside, and that tying event is not a #$LocomotionEvent. Note that this is not quite the same thing as the granularity of a process, such as #$AnimalWalkingProcess, where if you take a fine enough time-slice you are just lifting your leg up into the air. In the case of a #$LocomotionEvent such as scaling a sheer rock wall, very little of the time actually involves the motion of your body up the wall. ") ;;; #$LocomotionProcess (#$isa #$LocomotionProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$LocomotionProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$LocomotionProcess #$LocomotionProcess) (#$genls #$LocomotionProcess #$Movement-TranslationProcess) (#$genls #$LocomotionProcess #$LocomotionEvent) (#$comment #$LocomotionProcess "The collection of processes in which an animal moves from one place to another by its own power. A #$LocomotionProcess is an activity considered as a #$TemporalStuffType, in which any time-slice of the activity can also be considered an instance of that activity. Subsets of #$LocomotionProcess include: #$AnimalWalkingProcess, #$Brachiating, #$Climbing, #$WheelchairLocomotionEvent, #$Boring-Locomotion, etc.") ;;; #$LogFn (#$isa #$LogFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$LogFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$LogFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$LogFn "#$LogFn is the unary mathematical function that returns the natural logarithm of the number taken as its argument. Its inverse (i.e., #$inverseFunc) is #$ExpFn.") ;;; #$LogicalConnective (#$isa #$LogicalConnective #$RelationType) (#$genls #$LogicalConnective #$Relationship) (#$comment #$LogicalConnective "A collection of mathematical objects, including the basic logical connectives. Each element of #$LogicalConnective is a Cyc predicate which takes one or more truth-valued expressions as arguments and returns a truth-valued argument. The elements of #$LogicalConnective include #$and, #$or, #$not, and #$implies.") ;;; #$Loneliness (#$isa #$Loneliness #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Loneliness #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Loneliness "The disagreeable feeling of being without company. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Loneliness, #$Solitude, etc.") ;;; #$LongAndThin (#$isa #$LongAndThin #$AbstractShape) (#$isa #$LongAndThin #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$LongAndThin "A physical attribute. #$LongAndThin is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes a tangible object which has one dimension whose length exceeds that of each of the other two dimensions by at least a factor of three. E.g., pencils, straws, telephone wire, submarines, skyscrapers. Cf. #$SheetShaped.") ;;; #$LookingForSomething (#$isa #$LookingForSomething #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$LookingForSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$LookingForSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$LookingForSomething "Searching for something with the intent to find it. Instances of failure to find the object of the search are still instances of #$LookingForSomething.") ;;; #$LoopFn (#$isa #$LoopFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LoopFn #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg1Isa #$LoopFn #$Thing) (#$comment #$LoopFn "For each #$PathSystem SYS, (#$LoopFn SYS) denotes the set of all loops in SYS (see #$PathSystem). Note that the function #$LoopFn and the predicate #$loopInSystem are interdefinable. We normally use #$LoopFn, for convenience, when we consider some relations between different path systems even though for a single path system SYS, we can also replace each (#$loopInSystem X SYS) by (#$elementOf X (#$LoopFn SYS)).") ;;; #$LosingUserRights (#$isa #$LosingUserRights #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$LosingUserRights #$TransferOut) (#$genls #$LosingUserRights #$ChangeInUserRights) (#$comment #$LosingUserRights "A collection of events. In an instance of #$LosingUserRights, some #$Agent loses possession of something. Thus, in such an event, that agent loses a previously held right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$fromPossessor (i.e., the one from whom possession is taken). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; e.g., selling one's car is done on purpose, but having one's car repossessed probably isn't. If either of those two events happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$LosingUserRights.") ;;; #$Love (#$isa #$Love #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Love #$Affection) (#$comment #$Love "Strong affection for another agent arising out of kinship or personal ties. Love may be felt towards things, too: warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion. This does not, however, mean something as specialized/metaphorical as `Fred loves to eat ice cream' or `Ethel loves to get her way.' #$Love is a collection, as further explained under #$Happiness. Specialized forms of #$Love are #$Love-Romantic, platonic love, maternal love, infatuation, agape, etc.") ;;; #$LowAmountFn (#$isa #$LowAmountFn #$GenericValueFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LowAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$LowAmountFn #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$LowAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$LowAmountFn "#$LowAmountFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is one of several functions used to denote so-called `generic' amounts of a wide variety of attributes. When ATT is a type of attribute, (#$LowAmountFn ATT) returns an instance of ATT which is considered `a low amount of' ATT in the current context. A low amount of ATT is more than (#$VeryLowAmountFn ATT) but less than (#$MediumAmountFn ATT).") ;;; #$Lung (#$isa #$Lung #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Lung #$Organ) (#$comment #$Lung "The collection of all lungs, the primary respiratory organs of #$AirBreathingVertebrates.") ;;; #$MKSUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$MKSUnitOfMeasure #$RelationType) (#$genls #$MKSUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$MKSUnitOfMeasure "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$MKSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the MKS (i.e., meter-kilogram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond, #$Liter, #$MetricTon.") ;;; #$Mach-UnitOfSpeed (#$isa #$Mach-UnitOfSpeed #$UnitOfSpeed) (#$isa #$Mach-UnitOfSpeed #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Mach-UnitOfSpeed #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$Mach-UnitOfSpeed #$Speed) (#$resultIsa #$Mach-UnitOfSpeed #$VectorInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Mach-UnitOfSpeed #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Mach-UnitOfSpeed "The speed of sound on earth at sea level. 344.4 m/s") ;;; #$MailingLocation (#$isa #$MailingLocation #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$isa #$MailingLocation #$ContactLocationType) (#$genls #$MailingLocation #$ContactLocation) (#$comment #$MailingLocation "A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$MailingLocation is a location at which an agent can be contacted by mail, e.g., a home, office, or post office box.") ;;; #$MainFunction (#$isa #$MainFunction #$CapacityAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$MainFunction #$IntendedFunction) (#$comment #$MainFunction "One of the attributes which characterize the capacity in which some agent does a kind of action. #$MainFunction indicates that an agent does a certain type of action (#$ScriptType) as its main function (rather than, say, as a hobby). #$MainFunction can be used to indicate the function that an organization was created to do; e.g., the #$MainFunction of the #$USBorderPatrol is #$Patrolling the U.S. border. See #$actsInCapacity.") (#$comment #$MainFunction "An element of #$CapacityAttribute. The attribute #$MainFunction characterizes an entity participating in a situation as doing so in its main function. It is frequently used to indicate a device employed in doing its #$primaryFunction, or an organization engaged in the work it was created to do.") ;;; #$MakingAGesture (#$isa #$MakingAGesture #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MakingAGesture #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MakingAGesture #$VoluntaryBodyMovement) (#$genls #$MakingAGesture #$IBTGeneration-Original) (#$genls #$MakingAGesture #$VisualInformationConveyingAct) (#$comment #$MakingAGesture "The collection of acts of #$IBOCreation done by an #$Animal (including #$Person) arranging its limbs or other body parts (and whatever objects the limbs might be holding) in some meaningful configuration (static or dynamic). Vocal #$IBTGenerations are not considered to be gestures (see #$MakingAnOralSound for this), but they might be done in conjunction with gestures. NB: #$MakingAGesture is NOT a subset of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; at most, an instance of #$MakingAGesture is only half of a communication event. And someone can make a gesture while alone, without using it for communication. Thus, only some gestures are #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating. (But note that #$MakingAGesture IS a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Original (q.v.), since every gesture encodes information, whether or not it is used for communication in a particular instance.)") ;;; #$MakingAnAgreement (#$isa #$MakingAnAgreement #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MakingAnAgreement #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MakingAnAgreement #$CreationEvent) (#$genls #$MakingAnAgreement #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$MakingAnAgreement #$Communicating) (#$comment #$MakingAnAgreement "A collection of events. Each element in the collection #$MakingAnAgreement is an event in which two or more parties specify the terms of an #$Agreement to which they will be #$agreeingAgents, and enter into it. Some types of #$MakingAnAgreement include its subsets #$GettingEngaged, #$EmployeeHiring, #$DeclaringCeaseFire, and #$MakingAReservation.") ;;; #$MakingAnOralSound (#$isa #$MakingAnOralSound #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MakingAnOralSound #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$genls #$MakingAnOralSound #$EmittingSound) (#$genls #$MakingAnOralSound #$SingleDoerAction) (#$comment #$MakingAnOralSound "The collection of actions in which the lips and other mouth parts are used to make sound. MakingAnOralSound means the event in which sound is produced more-or-less voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth portal, lips, and tongue.") ;;; #$MakingFacialExpression (#$isa #$MakingFacialExpression #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$MakingFacialExpression #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MakingFacialExpression #$Action) (#$genls #$MakingFacialExpression #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$comment #$MakingFacialExpression "The collection of events during which the configuration of an agent's face changes. This is usually associated with the expression of some emotion.") ;;; #$MakingFn (#$isa #$MakingFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MakingFn #$TemporalObjectType) (#$resultIsa #$MakingFn #$ScriptType) (#$resultGenl #$MakingFn #$MakingSomething) (#$arg1Isa #$MakingFn #$TemporalStuffType) (#$arg1Genl #$MakingFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$MakingFn "#$MakingFn is a Cyc function, in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$MakingFn TYPE) denotes the set of events in which elements of some TYPE of thing are made (whether manufactured, constructed, produced, etc.) E.g., (#$MakingFn #$Automobile) is the set of events in which cars are manufactured. Having this function saves us from having to create tens of thousands of new terms for peanut-butter-making, business-card-making, etc.") ;;; #$MakingSomething (#$isa #$MakingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MakingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MakingSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$MakingSomething #$CreationEvent) (#$comment #$MakingSomething "A collection of (very generic) events. In each #$MakingSomething event, something (tangible) is made from some raw materials. The end result may or may not be what is called a #$Product.") ;;; #$MakingSomethingAvailable (#$isa #$MakingSomethingAvailable #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MakingSomethingAvailable #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MakingSomethingAvailable #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$MakingSomethingAvailable "The collection of all activities in which an #$Agent makes it possible for another #$Agent to use (but not necessarily own) a good or service.") ;;; #$MakingTravelArrangements (#$isa #$MakingTravelArrangements #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MakingTravelArrangements #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MakingTravelArrangements #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$MakingTravelArrangements "The collection of all events in which an agent arranges for some kind of travel event.") ;;; #$MaleAnimal (#$isa #$MaleAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MaleAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$MaleAnimal "The collection of all male animals.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$MaleAnimal #$SENSUS-Information1997 "MALE-ANIMAL") ;;; #$MaleFn (#$isa #$MaleFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MaleFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$MaleFn #$MaleAnimal) (#$arg1Isa #$MaleFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$MaleFn #$Animal) (#$comment #$MaleFn "#$MaleFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$MaleFn ORGTYPE) returns that subset of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the males of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$MaleFn #$Person) and #$MalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$MaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all bucks.") ;;; #$MalePerson (#$isa #$MalePerson #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MalePerson #$MaleAnimal) (#$genls #$MalePerson #$Person) (#$comment #$MalePerson "The collection of all male persons.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$MalePerson #$SENSUS-Information1997 "MALE") ;;; #$Malleability (#$isa #$Malleability #$MaterialStrengthType) (#$genls #$Malleability #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Malleability #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Malleability "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Malleability represents a specific capacity of a physical material to be shaped or formed. Different degrees of malleability may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Malleability of objects is indicated with the predicate #$malleabilityOfObject.") ;;; #$Malnutrition (#$isa #$Malnutrition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$Malnutrition #$AilmentCondition) (#$comment #$Malnutrition "A collection of physiological conditions caused by the lack of essential #$Nutrients (usually vitamins, minerals or proteins). Specialized forms of #$Malnutrition are: (1) #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition, in which the necessary nutrients are not ingested; and (2) #$Malnutrition-Secondary, in which the necessary nutrients are not properly metabolized.") ;;; #$Mammal (#$isa #$Mammal #$BiologicalClass) (#$genls #$Mammal #$Vertebrate) (#$comment #$Mammal "The collection of mammals; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Mammal is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses its young with milk secreted by mammary glands. The collection #$Mammal includes the subsets #$Dog, #$Horse, #$Person, #$Elephant, etc. The skin of mammals is typically covered with hair (or sometimes hair modified into scales or plates (e.g. pangolins)), but some types are almost hairless. All mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia bear live young rather than laying eggs and have teats, which on females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes do not have teats, but both male and female produce milk from #$MammaryGlands. #$Mammal is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.") ;;; #$Manager (#$isa #$Manager #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Manager #$DeskWorker) (#$comment #$Manager "A collection of people. An instance of #$Manager is a person whose primary job is to manage other people, directing their work activity in an #$Organization or for a #$Project. A #$Manager tells his or her subordinate workers what to do.") ;;; #$Manufacturing (#$isa #$Manufacturing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Manufacturing #$MakingSomething) (#$comment #$Manufacturing "A collection of events. In each #$Manufacturing event, raw materials or component parts are combined to produce a product. In a typical #$Manufacturing process, the motivation of the manufacturer is that the value of the #$outputs should exceed the value of the #$inputs. #$Manufacturing does not include related or supportive processes such as transporting the raw materials to the manufacturing site, scheduling done ahead of time, etc. -- the concept #$ProductionEvent covers that bigger picture.") ;;; #$ManufacturingOrganization (#$isa #$ManufacturingOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ManufacturingOrganization #$Organization) (#$genls #$ManufacturingOrganization #$CommercialOrganization) (#$comment #$ManufacturingOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ManufacturingOrganization is any organization whose #$MainFunction is #$Manufacturing or production of goods. These may be departments, suborganizations, companies, or conglomerate enterprises.") ;;; #$Map (#$isa #$Map #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Map #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Map #$StructuredInformationSource) (#$genls #$Map #$InformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$Map "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$Map is an IBT which, properly interpreted, models a region of physical space many times its own size by using graphical symbols (or possibly another code), often in conjunction with a natural language, to represent features of one or more of the following kinds: geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion), topographical features (#$TopographicalFeature), political regions (#$GeopoliticalEntity), climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType), human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact), population densities (#$populationDensity), etc. Maps are generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. The collection #$Map includes terrestrial and celestial maps, either on paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms.") ;;; #$March (#$isa #$March #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$March #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$MarineCorps (#$isa #$MarineCorps #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MarineCorps #$MilitaryOrganization) (#$comment #$MarineCorps "A collection of military organizations. An instance of #$MarineCorps is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of soldiers (i.e., combat personnel) who serve on ships or in conjunction with naval forces, with the purpose of defending or attacking coastal areas.") ;;; #$MarinePersonnel (#$isa #$MarinePersonnel #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$MarinePersonnel #$MilitaryPerson) (#$comment #$MarinePersonnel "A soldier who is in the Marines.") ;;; #$MaritalStatusOfPeople (#$isa #$MaritalStatusOfPeople #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType) (#$isa #$MaritalStatusOfPeople #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$MaritalStatusOfPeople #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$MaritalStatusOfPeople "The attribute values indicating the #$maritalStatus of a #$Person. Members of this collection include #$Divorced, #$Widowed, #$Single, and #$Married.") ;;; #$MarkingOnASurface (#$isa #$MarkingOnASurface #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$MarkingOnASurface #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MarkingOnASurface #$IBOCreation) (#$genls #$MarkingOnASurface #$HandlingAnObject) (#$comment #$MarkingOnASurface "A collection of events. In a #$MarkingOnASurface event, visible markings are placed on a surface by an #$Agent. The marking may be done by adding material to or removing material from the surface; e.g., by painting or by engraving the surface.") ;;; #$Masculine (#$isa #$Masculine #$LinguisticObject) (#$isa #$Masculine #$GenderOfLivingThing) (#$comment #$Masculine "#$Masculine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is male, or that a word has what is called masculine gender.") ;;; #$Mass (#$isa #$Mass #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Mass #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Mass #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Mass "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Mass is an amount of matter present in a given object. Elements of #$Mass may be either a fixed interval, such as two pounds, or a range, such as a legal load for a certain type of trailer. The more mass an object has, the greater is the force required to accelerate it. See #$UnitOfMass for the units used by Cyc to measure mass.") ;;; #$MassNoun (#$isa #$MassNoun #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$MassNoun #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$MassNoun "The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'.") ;;; #$MaterialStrengthType (#$isa #$MaterialStrengthType #$Collection) (#$genls #$MaterialStrengthType #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$comment #$MaterialStrengthType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$MaterialStrengthType is a specific collection of attributes used in determining the strength of a material. Examples: #$Hardness, #$Malleability, #$Ductility, #$Elasticity, #$ShearStrength.") ;;; #$MathematicalObject (#$isa #$MathematicalObject #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$MathematicalObject #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$MathematicalObject #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing) (#$comment #$MathematicalObject "A collection of intangible objects; a subset of #$MathematicalThing. Each element of #$MathematicalObject is a purely abstract mathematical thing which is an individual (see #$Individual). Examples of #$MathematicalObject include: #$Quantifiers, #$RealNumbers, #$Triangles, #$TruthValues, etc. But instances of #$SetOrCollection are not #$MathematicalObjects in Cyc, because they are not #$Individuals.") ;;; #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing (#$isa #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing #$Intangible) (#$comment #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing "A collection of abstract (#$Intangible) objects. Each element of #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing is a massless, timeless abstraction, such as an algorithm, logical connective, character string, assertion, integer, etc.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ABSTRACTION") ;;; #$May (#$isa #$May #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$May #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$MeaningInSystemFn (#$isa #$MeaningInSystemFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MeaningInSystemFn #$Thing) (#$arg1Isa #$MeaningInSystemFn #$IndexedInfoSource) (#$arg2Isa #$MeaningInSystemFn #$CharacterString) (#$comment #$MeaningInSystemFn "The function (MeaningInSystemFn INFOSOURCE STRING), applied to a character string or code STRING in some external information system INFOSOURCE, returns whatever concept is meant by that string or code in that system. For example, the value of (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$WordNet-Information ''N221566'') is the concept (or WordNet `synset') represented by the synonyms (rampart|bulwark|wall), meaning 'an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes' in the WordNet system. The STRING can have any format chosen by the person who builds the representation of the external system; usually it will include some index string that is used as an identifier in the external system. In addition, the STRING may arbitrarily contain any further characters or information, depending on how the external information is selected and processed. This function allows you to relate a concept in an external system to an arbitrarily complicated expression composed of Cyc concepts. If the external concept has a direct, exact mapping to a single Cyc constant, then it is better to use the predicate #$synonymousExternalConcept rather than this function. If the there is a direct correspondence to one Cyc constant, but it is only an approximate correspondence of meaning, you can use #$overlappingExternalConcept.") ;;; #$MeasurableAttributeType (#$isa #$MeasurableAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$MeasurableAttributeType #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$comment #$MeasurableAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$MeasurableAttributeType is a collection of attributes, the members of which are quantifiable attributes, i.e., they can be assigned a numeric value. For example, #$RateOfRotation and #$ConcentrationPerVolume. For the units in which specific attributes are measured, see #$measuredIn, #$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity, #$standardUnitMeasuring. Note that in Cyc, numbers are classified as measurable attributes; see #$RealNumber, etc.") ;;; #$MeasuringDevice (#$isa #$MeasuringDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MeasuringDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$MeasuringDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MeasuringDevice is a device used for measuring some quantity such as #$Distance, #$Volume, #$Temperature, etc. Examples include the odometer in your car (an #$Odometer), the graduated glass measuring cup in your kitchen (a #$MeasuringCup), and the thermostat on your wall (a #$TemperatureMeasuringDevice, although it is also a #$ControlDevice.)") ;;; #$MeasuringSomething (#$isa #$MeasuringSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MeasuringSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MeasuringSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$MeasuringSomething #$Thinking) (#$comment #$MeasuringSomething "A collection of events. Each element of #$MeasuringSomething is an event in which an agent uses a physical device to measure some physical attribute of a tangible object. The last part of such an event involves the perception (and perhaps recording) of a #$measurementResult by some instance of#$PerceptualAgent. See also #$MeasurementFn.")